The linguistic character of New Englishes 2

English as a Global Language by David Crystal

-vocabulary-

New Words
-Morphology is the study of word structure, especially in terms of morphems.
-Morpheme is the smallest contrastive unit of grammar such as de-, -tion and -s.
-The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
-Vocabulary borrowings are usually known as loan words.
-Many words have become obsolete or survived only in local dialects.
-We coexist with the naturally occurring bacteria.
-He pointed out the salient features of the new design.
-Hana anglicizes her name to Hannah.
-Urdo is the official language of Pakistan and also widely used in India.
-The shopping centre is very convenient because it is adjacent to the tube station.
-The car has its little idiosyncrasies.
-A nonce word is one that is invented for one particular occasion.
-Although the theory is widely accepted, this has never been substantiated.
-The ceremony had no religious overtones.

Summary
When a language meets other languages, vocabulary borrowings from indigenous languages start to be used. The borrowings have achieved the status especially in multilingual countries such as South Africa and Malaysia. Two types of borrowings are found in New Englishes. One is word-formation. Distinctive affix and word-class conversion are identified in Pakistani English. The other is lexicon which has a different meaning or use from the original one. In Jamaican English, beverage means only ‘lemonade’. These borrowings are used in only one country or nearby countries. Therefore, they usually cause a problem outside the area.